Regarding fabric sales

A few of you have inquired about any extra fabric that I have available for sale.  I am sorry I haven't responded yet, but I was waiting to see how this purchasing a third color situation would work out before I did so.

The width of all this satin is 60".

I still have three yards (and a remnant) of lavender brocade, and more than enough in plum or purple (when it arrives) for any one person's costume.  I will sell it for $3.00 per yard plus shipping costs of $5.00 plus $0.50/yd for anything over 3 yards.  Note that this price is actually less than what I paid.  I'm not trying to make a profit, just recover some of my expenses.

I will accept payment via Paypal and payments must be received in advance.  Also, I won't be able to mail the fabric until the Saturday following receipt of payment, as I work a day job that makes weekday post office visits a pain in the patushka.

Clearly, once the lavender is gone, people probably won't be interested in this offer without the matching fabrics, so no matter what I'm still going to have lots of plum and purple left over.  So what in the world am I going to do with all that extra fabric?

Well, fortunately for me, my mom has a shiny new kitchen with lots of purple accents.  So I am probably going to be making some lovely tablecloths and also slip covers for her throw pillows.  Especially for the ones in the basement, which are starting to get kind of grungy.  I feel quite brilliant about this plan.  Resourceful, even!

If you're interested in purchasing any of the fabric, please send me an email with your information to santa.fe@juno.com.

Chameleon Sidekick

Those of you who have been following this blog since waaaaaay back at the beginning will recall my determination not to think about the super fun accessories until I got the hard part of the costume finished (namely, the bustier).

Well, I finally got close enough to the finish line that I started shopping around.

The frying pan was easy.  I went to Wal-Mart and found the optimal combination of wide, light, and uniformly black among all the frying pans available.  The bottom of the frying pan was bright, shiny, reflective metal, so I put a lovely coat of black on it with a can of grill paint I found in the garage, and voila! Frying pan all set to go.  Now, obviously, I could have bought a cast iron skillet much like the one Rapunzel actually uses, but since I do not actually need to defend myself against ruffians, thugs, and charmingly handsome, roguish thieves (alas), dragging a fifteen pound pan all around a convention did not sound like a fun day to me.  Those things are SO HEAVY!

Pascal proved a much tricker proposition than the frying pan, however.

"But didn't Disney release a cute, plush Pascal for your own convenient purchase?" you may ask. 

Well... sort of....

I mean... he's plush, certainly.  And cute... I suppose.  But does he look enough like Pascal to you?

I can't answer that for you, of course, but for me there's something decidedly un-Pascal-ish about that plush, and I haven't approved of it since the first time I saw it.  I suppose it's a combination of the contrast in the pebbling of his hide and that super glazed expression on his face.  Also, he's about 8 inches long which is much too long to be a proper scale.

Running out of time, I remembered this 3D Pascal Papercraft that I found when I was researching goodie bags for my Tangled Party last spring.  It might be made of paper, but it looks like Pascal, and it's about the right size too.  So I bought some green cardstock, printed him off, assembled him, hot glue-gunned him together, and then there he was!

 

And how, you may ask, did I plan on keeping him up on my shoulder whilst jostling all the tight crowds at Dragon*Con?  I'll tell you.

(Geez, when did I start channeling Tevye from Fiddler on the Roof?)

I sewed one half of a snap to the bottom of Pascal (very carefully, since as you can see, paper doesn't take kindly to being sewn)...

 

... and the other to my shoulder!

(NOTE:  I actually had to add that bottom flap for Pascal's underside to the cut-out pattern myself, otherwise there is nothing underneath him to put the snap on with).

It worked quite nicely too! Unfortunately, paper Pascal didn't get along with my hair as nicely as real Pascal did with Rapunzel's hair, but that's another story.

How Far We've Come!

*ahem* Still catching up with life.

So anyway, continuing our story.  The last two weeks before Dragon*Con were frantic.  I did a week's worth of embroidery, some touch-ups, and last, but not least, cut out and installed the final panel on the skirt.

When all of that was done, this is what it looked like:

Ta-da!!! I was pretty darn excited, as you can imagine.

And let's not forget some of the important details:

... such as the back panel with the cute little buttons...

.

.. the frying pan...

and... oh! 

I can't believe it, but somehow I forgot to post a blog about the most important accessory of all!!

....Rapunzel's trusty best friend, Pascal!!

 (I'll give Pascal his own, proper post here in a bit.  I think he'd be mad at me if I didn't).

In any case, with the exception of an upgrade on the frying pan, the costume and pieces as you see them in these photos are how I wore them to Dragon*Con.

But it's not quite ready yet. I still need to:

(1) Do the embroidery around the hem.
(2) Put pink edging along the center panel, which I can't do until...
(3) I replace the center panel.

"What? You may ask.  Replace the center panel? Why?"

Because it's the wrong dang color, that's why.  Darn you, teeny tiny swatches that don't actually give a proper idea of color coordination whatsoever!!

Astute student's of Rapunzel's costumes will note that the "smooth" part of her skirt and the center, brocade part are more or less the same color, just one is textured and one is not.  (Astute students will also note that her skirt is more of an orchid color than either of the colors I show in the skirt above, but that's beside the point).  The plum brocade that I purchased was waaaaay, waay too dark.  Even my mom commented on it, and she has better priorities in her life than obsessing over costume replication. 

I found myself at a crossroads.  Do I suck it up and live with it? Or have I already invested so much time and resources into this costume that spending just a little bit more money to get it As Right As Possible would be worth it for my own peace of mind?

The answer to that last question is yes, of course it would.

I made this determination ten days before Dragon*Con and went to the website and ordered the "purple" fabric instead of the plum (remember the part where I had to order 10 yards minimum? Yup, that still applies).  I even applied for three days shipping to ensure its arrival in time for me to fix the skirt before the convention.  Alas, it never arrived.

Finally, last Monday I called the company and confirmed my suspicions-- that my order had somehow gotten lost in the ether of cyberspace.  I placed it over the phone and just today got the shipping confirmation.  We are one giant bolt of brocade away from an Even Better Costume.

Oh, the things we do for art.

False panels

I'm back!!

It's been quite a month, let me tell you.  What with Dragon*Con (more on that later) and recovery and working hard to meet a writing deadline (more on that later), blogging has fallen by the wayside.  As do most of my hobbies, in their time.  But I'm going to try to catch this one up at least to "where we are now" I have four to six more blog post plans that will bring us up to date with the Rapunzel costume, which is almost officially complete, and will be on hiatus for a few months.  This time on purpose.

So, without further ado....

How I Did the False Panels


As you can see in the photo below, Rapunzel is actually wearing a two-piece top, the undershirt and the corset part overtop.  I've talked about it before.

(I didn't want to do that much work)

Ergo... once the corset was complete, I took some wax paper and drew two more-or-less equally sized squares, like so:

Having confirmed that the squares were sufficiently wide to "double up" across the back, I really only needed one of them to keep going.  I cut it out four times.

I made two little pockets, pillow case style, making sure to add the lace trim to the edge that would be the top.  Observe the beautifully clipped seams below!!

I turned my mini pillowcases inside out.  I did NOT stuff them with pillow fluff.  Instead, I sewed the one square over the other using *gasp* the perfect little pink buttons I found at the fabric store (one small thing that proved super easy to find).  I hand-stitched the outer and lower edges of the panel to the inside lining of the bustier and voila!!!

Alas, I was on a time crunch the morning I cut out the front center modesty panel, so I didn't take pictures.  But all I did was:

(1) Combine the sweetheart neckline pattern piece of the upper bustier and the "V point" pattern piece of the lower bustier to get the right lines.

(2) Measured the correct distance to set them apart from edge to edge (then added a seam allowance).

(3) Cut them out into a single piece, two times.

(4) Combined them (again, pillowcase style, and again putting the lace edging on the top, in this case on the sweetheart curve

(5) Hand-stitched the left side of the modesty panel into the inner left lining of the bustier (my left).  Put snaps on the other end to get in and out of it.

The panels done this way were pretty easy.  I had fun doing them, because they were a huge part of getting the costume finished, but they didn't take a long time.  :-)

Until next time!! (which should be in the next couple of days)

Embroidery, Part II

How to do the Embroidery in the words of a Newbie: Part II


In this installment, I'm going to touch on two things that I learned how to do better as I went along.


1. Filling in wide gaps.  


This technique I had the humility to learn from a friend, who found a helpful link on the internet.  I couldn't tell you where now, though.


Most of the designs are thin enough that a full stitch across is narrow enough to hold its own.  However, I found that there were a couple of petals here and there that were simply too wide for tidy stitches without a little bit of help.

Exhibit A: Notice how the stitches in the center petal are loose and puckering because they're wide enough to have a lot of their own wiggle room.

Exhibit B: When I did the same petal on the opposite side of the skirt, I overlapped stitches into the middle so that they lay more nicely.  It creates a sort of "seam" in the middle, but I staggered it to make it less noticeable, and you really can't tell from a distance or at a glance.  

2. Turning a corner.


This technique is my own.  That is to say, I figured it out on my own, but it's probably some time-honored trick of the needlework trade that I could have also had the good sense to just read about on the internet.


There are a lot of curlycues in these designs, which means there's a lot of going around a curve.  Unfortunately the laws of geometry obviously mean that the inner curve has a much shorter distance than the outer curve, and trying to follow the design purely from edge to edge you end up with a lot of crowding on the inner curve.  In my efforts to do so, I ended up wasting a lot of thread, and it didn't really look that great, either.


Many curlycues later, I stumbled upon a method of compensating that was tidy and elegant enough for my liking.

NOTE: All the stitches in the photographs below are going bottom to top.

Exhibit A: When you reach about the halfway point of the curve, jump ahead and angle an outlying stitch the way the "end" of the curve would be.

Exhibit B: Mirror the outer stitch with succeeding stitches back in toward the curve, until the two groups connect on the inner curve (the point where the needle is sticking above).

Exhibit C: Still paralleling with the "outer" stitch in Exhibit A, tuck the next stitch under the threads of the first group of stitching so that the end of it is hidden underneath.

Exhibits D and E: Keep repeating this process, still in parallel with the "outer" stitch.

Exhibit F: Until the curve is completely filled in! 

As you can see in the pictures, the result of this technique leaves a kind of overlap effect which someone else might not like, but I didn't mind in the slightest.  I actually think it looks kind of neat.  Or that could be me being pleased at my own cleverness, I don't know.  In any case, much like the staggering of stitches to fill a wide gap (described above), you can't really notice it from far away.

And that concludes my general adventures and advice about embroidery! For now, anyway.  I still have to do the hem, but I probably won't start working on that until next spring.

Behold the results!

Embroidery, Part I

I started to do this post almost a week and a half ago, and then my computer battery died and I lost it and I've been much preoccupied ever since.  But the costume is ready for Dragon Con, people! I need to start making posts about the many wonderful days of culmination.

We will begin with the embroidery.  I have two posts on the subject.  The first will describe my general embroidery process.  The second will talk about my experiences with a couple of more fine-tuned embroidery techniques.

So, without further ado...

How to do the Embroidery in the words of a Newbie: Part I

First, we begin with one of the transfers that I uploaded and posted here.

Step 1: Trace the design onto tissue paper.

Step 2: Pin and otherwise affix the tissue paper into place where you want the design to go on your fabric.

Step 3: Using an easy running stitch, trace the design onto the fabric with thread. You can see I have begun this process on the top-most petal of the design shown above.

I know you can use tracing paper to accomplish the same thing.  There were four reasons I decided to go this route:

  

(1) On the night I was ready to get started, I didn't feel like running to the store to get tracing paper.

(2) I wasn't really sure how well tracing paper would work on slippery satin anyway.

(3) I didn't want Yet Another Obscure Sewing Tool that I had way more leftover than I really needed, which I would probably never use after this project, and which I then would move from nook to cranny to cubby in my bedroom for the next ten years, before finally deciding to throw it away, and end up needing it the following month.

(4) The back side of the long stitching left a very tidy way to finish off the loose end of a thread, both in the tracing thread, and in the embroidery threads themselves when I got to that step (see below).

(But let's not kid ourselves.  While all of these are very good reasons,  the first reason was the real one)

Step 4: Carefully tear away tissue paper from the long-stitching.

Step 5: Fill in the lines with embroidery floss (two strands). It's really kind of just like coloring at that point. OH! And put on your Patience cap.  And don't cut your threads too long.  Believe me, you'll spend more time un-tangling a long thread than you will just cutting another short one.

My next post will be about a couple of more fine-tuned techniques that I discovered along the way.

We interrupt this broadcast...

My dear readers: 

If you're wondering how my costume progress is coming after last week's major milestone of completing the bustier, I am happy to report that it is coming along well.  I completed transferring all the embroidery designs to the right front skirt panel and I'm presently following a very aggressive schedule in order to try getting them completed by the end of this week.  If I can keep up the schedule, and devote most of Saturday to sewing, there is a reasonable chance that I will have a costume ready to wear for Dragon Con by that time.

Wow.

After that is done, then I'll let myself breath again and go back and post some of those tutorial-style installments I've been promising.

In the meantime, I have a diversion of sorts.

My dear friend and co-author, Laura Josephsen, has recently published a standalone teen novel, as shown below:

Confessions from the Realm of the Underworld (Also Known as High School)

by Laura Josephsen

"Write what you know."

Persephone "Sephie" Benson scoffs when her creative writing teacher throws that little gem out there. Maybe this advice would work for a professional skydiver or a baseball star or a ninja princess. It's not so great for a high school student who doesn't even know what to do with the rest of her life. Add in being the oldest of six girls, having Responsibilities with a capital R, and living in a town the size of a tick, and you've got a recipe for boring soup.

At least, that's what Sephie thinks until her senior year. Now, her grandfather is losing his house. One of her sisters plays a starring role in the local high school scandal. Even things with her best friend Joey aren't the same. As Sephie deals with the changes in her life, she finds that nothing is quite what she expects--and that sometimes, the most extraordinary life can be the one that seems the most ordinary.

I love this book.  I've read it three times at least, and skimmed it a half-dozen more times.  While I've read my share, I don't usually enjoy "real life" books to the point of raving about them (by that I mean, I'd much rather have dragons or swordfights or magic or other worlds or all of the above-- I'm a "genre" reader to the core), but there are always exceptions to everyone's usual, and this is one of mine.  As Laura herself will tell you, she doesn't usually write this kind of story, either, but so it happened.

Maybe it's because Sepphie Benson is so real and likeable and relate-able, she seems to just climb off the page and unceremoniously take a spot at your family dining table, munching on potato chips and making faces at you (but all in good fun).  The same goes for her family and friends.  You get sucked into their story, full of the familiar ups and downs of life, humor, warmth, heartache, and love, and learn, like Sepphie, that the things that are "cliché" about life have become so for very good reasons.

Everyone should read this book.  The even better news is, it's economical! I bought it for Kindle and I'm totally going to buy it in paperback too, as part of my next Amazon run.  You can click on the picture above for links to the book's Amazon page, and both formats available for purchase.  Give it a try.  You'll finish it in a single afternoon/evening.  And then you'll probably read it again.

Triumph!

It is finished!!!

The bustier is finished.  Now all I have to do is finish the embroidery and zip zip zip, finish the skirt (easy peasy).

(This is a special picture because that is my personal favorite frying pan in the house.  I use it to make eggs almost every morning!)

The only thing I don't like about these pictures is that they don't show the truly awesomeness of the purple.  The lighting is really bad.  I will be sure to take my pictures of the full costume in broad daylight for better reference.  And possibly inspect the color settings on my mother's camera.

The 2nd batch of embroidery transfers are completed.  Now to fill them in.  I anticipate finishing that much by the end of next week.  I have twenty whole days left.  I am cruising, here! (Not that I'll use that as an excuse to go lax, mind).

I can see the finish line!!!

Hello, my fellow costumers and Disney fans and other folks interested in this blog for their own purposes!! It has been a productive few days, let me tell you.  Since last Thursday I have successfully:

-- Completed the main body of the bustier, with trim

-- Finished one of two puffed sleeves with pink ribbon stripes (and tested it for size)

-- Added a false back for the "undershirt" in the back, complete with lace and buttons

-- Finished (but not attached) the modesty panel for the front and center

-- Started working on the 2nd half of the embroidery transfers

Bustier 2.0 turned out beautifully.  I learned even more about applying trim evenly, and it fits nice and feels nice and looks nice.  The next thing I did was cut out the sleeve and sew pink ribbons on, and I confess when I held the sleeve up to the bodice for the first time I might have squeaked a little in excitement.  It's really starting to look like a recognizeable costume!!

But don't take my word for it: See for yourself...

Saturday: The bustier body was complete, and I tacked on the ungathered sleeve just for a first look at the two together (that would be the moment where I squeaked).

Last night: Gathered the sleeve and did a fit test, just to make sure it would look right and that I didn't have to alter my homemade pattern any.  It's just sewn on with a machine baste, and I have since removed it, because there are a few more things I need to do with the main bustier that require me to get into the inner lining (once I attach the sleeves I'm cut off).  Also, I still need to get some fabric for the lower part of the sleeves.  They should be pale pink.  Still, I'm quite pleased with the results.

Last night: finished the "undershirt" with buttons.  It's just a couple of lined squares with lace on one edge and held together by the buttons, then hand-stitched to the inner layer of the bustier.  Quite easy, really, and I couldn't be more tickled by those buttons.  For those of you who don't obsess over Rapunzel's costume, the only time you really see this part in the movie is at the end when (SPOILER ALERT -- just sayin') her hair is short and she's hugging Flynn, so we get a nice view of the back of her dress not blocked by her hair.

This morning: Made the center modesty panel, complete with lace and the two most beautiful points I have ever made in my life with lined fabric.  Did I mention that seam-clipping is my very best friend on the whole wide world of inanimate (or in this case, procedural) friendships?  I just pinned it to the dress form in the picture above.  I still need to get it attached to the bustier, which I plan to do with a seam on one side and snaps on the other, so that I can get in and out of it.

And that's it for now!  I plan on making some more detailed posts about the processes for the sleeves, false panels, and embroidery, but for now I'm running late picking up a friend at the airport, so those updates will have to wait until later.

In the meantime, what do we have left to go?

-- Attaching the center modesty panel

-- Adding the eyelets and lacing to the bustier (I am expecting those supplies in the mail tomorrow)

-- Finishing the sleeves

-- Finishing the embroidery

-- Making the petticoat (and trim)

-- Adding the center panel to the skirt (once the embroidery is complete)

-- Hemming the skirt and joining it to the petticoat

I'm hoping to have the bustier completely totally absolutely finished by the end of the week.  And then it's embroider like a maniac until the deadline.  The good news is, finishing off the skirt is child's play once it's finished.  I could definitely get all that done in one dedicated evening.

But it's looking SO GREAT! I'm as happy as can be.

Learning Experiences, Part II

So...

Remember my post back during the A-Z challenge about Learning Experiences and how I go through many drafts and trials and errors before my final projects are ready to go?

Add one to the list.

Yes, I had hoped that the steps I took last Friday were the first steps to the final product, but that, alas, is not going to be the case.  Since that time I have been pinning, cutting, snipping, stitching, trimming, and sneezing (satin sheds little dusty fibers like nobody's business) my head off with not-satisfactory-enough results, alas.

Now this is what the first layer of the garment looked like when I'd finished putting together all the pieces.  It was to be the inner layer, but it looked so nice on the dress form that of course I took a picture in my inspiration.

This is what it looked like after I repeated the same process for the outer part of the garment and my third muslin lining, and put them altogether, necessary trim included.  Notice the difference?

Problem #1: Do you see how the bottom part of the edge is sloping severely outward from the waist to the hip?  That is not a trick of the camera angle, my friends.  That's pretty much how it actually turned out.

Somehow, one of the two lavender linings ended up being extremely shorter from edge to edge than the other two.  I'm still not exactly certain how because it felt like I repeated the same process (and, more importantly, in-seams) exactly the same way all three times.  As a result, I did my best to try and line everything up with reference to the smallest layer, but that just made everything terrible and out of line.

(One thing I did wrong was not to cut out the very back of the shirt on the seam, which meant I had to sew two pieces together that otherwise would've been a single piece and that was one more seam to throw off the consistency of the three layers in the final lie).

The error in size is the biggest reason that my first attempt did not work out, but there are others:

Problem #2: I didn't really understand the best way to make the trim turn a corner, and not only ended up with those unsightly gaps you see there but the bias tape I was using for this bit had the raw edge up on the horizontal section.  

(I have since figured out a very good way to turn the corner.  It involves seam-clipping, of a sort, a trick of physics and geometry that I am coming to respect more and more with each passing day).

Problem #3: (More of a nitpick, really, but a strong one).  The combination of pink + lace actually ended up working really well, as you can see on the neck lining above, but the lace I chose is really a bit too narrow and you can't see it well.  I have a slightly wider lace on hand that I was planning on using for the petticoat, but I could always go and buy more.  I think it will look nicer with the other choice.  Plus, on this particular seam I had to pick it apart and put it back together twice: Once because I got the pink and lace in the wrong order and the second time because I didn't pick up the inner liner.

Problem #4: The idea to put in an inner lining of muslin was one I thought to be inspired, but I've decided to drop the ambition.  I don't really think it's any better a lie than my last test bustier which just had the inner and outer lining of purple, plus it (1) makes everything more clumsy and (2) it makes the seams themselves unnecessarily bulky.  I will make a small, more conventional lining for the curve of the sweetheart neckline, but that's all.

So, in conclusion, I am going to try one more time, and improve in the following areas:

(1) Forget about the middle lining.

(2) Don't cut two pieces when I only need one.

(3) Be triple-quadruple careful cutting out my pieces and matching my inseams and making the two layers match properly in size.

(4) Use a better lace choice.

(5) Turn proper corners with my trim.

There are a few things that did work out in an encouraging way, though.  I think I'm getting fairly good at making darts that don't "bubble" or "pucker" on the bust.  The overall look of the bustier is inspiring, despite all the weaknesses, and check this out:

The lace on the hem looks amazing!!!!

(Hey, small victories, right?)

And so, we begin again.  I'm handling it better than I might have in the past.  That is to say, not crying.  I wish I could take a day or two or even a week off, but alas, I think I'm going to start pinning and cutting all over again as soon as I get home from work tomorrow.  I have exactly one month to finish this thing, and quite frankly, I'm starting to feel a wee bit panicked.

Sew it Begins!

Oh, how I love puns...

Okay, A.D.D. moment over.  *ahem*

Tonight, I cut out the very first pieces of what I trust will be the final product.  BEHOLD:

This is the front and top of the bustier.  You see six pieces (4 lavender, 2 cream) because I am fully lining the bustier twice over.  The cream muslin will hide between the two outer pieces of satin to help give the bustier heft and a nice, smooth lie, and (I hope) help it to last a nice long time.

And here is pictured a small pile of almost all the final materials I needed to make this monstrosity (and therefore went out and bought).  The only things I know for sure I'm still missing are the grommets (eyelets) and the ribbon to tie it closed.  Which, I may just use the pink ribbon I bought for the puffed sleeves.  I don't think it's a point worth being picky about.

(As always, my cats approve of anything new).

Tomorrow I will keep cutting out pieces.  There are a lot of small pieces, and since I'm cutting everything out three times...well, let's just hope I don't make any mistakes*

(*any more mistakes, I should say, since I did start to cut out the back part of the bustier and completely forgot to include the shoulder strap.  Three cheers for homemade patterns!!! That's when I decided the above was far enough for one night.  Hehehe).  

Rapunzel Skirt Embroidery Transfers, 1st Batch

Look! I have hand-outs!

As I promised many, many moons ago, I am herein providing scans of the drawings I made for the vertical embroidery on Rapunzel's skirt.  Anyone who finds this blog who is making their own Rapunzel costume is more than welcome to print and share.  They could be used for hand embroidery, as I have done, or for cutting and sewing on appliques, as I've seen other folks doing, or if you have one of those fancy-pants genius programmable embroidery machines, they might work for those as well.

The numbers I have written on each design represent the # of embroidery floss that I chose for my costume (3716 = pink, 211 = lavender, 340 = Indigo).  Just in case anyone was curious.  Obviously, you can choose your own colors but feel free to borrow those too, if you want.

Finally, those astute students of Rapunzel's skirt will note that there is one final design on the very bottom of her skirt which I did not draw because it didn't show up clearly on my print-out (darn black and white!).  Also, I had already reached the end of my own skirt anyway, so I decided just to leave it off.  Hey, this is not as exact science, much as I wish it were.  So just be aware, if you are a costume purist of a higher caliber than myself.

I will not be doing the embroidery along the hemline until after I get back from Dragon Con, but on that far distant day when I have drawn up some transfers for the hem embroidery as well, I will be sure to share it as a Batch 2.

Let me know if there are any questions, or if a link breaks or something.

Link to PDF File:

Rapunzel Skirt Embroidery Transfers - Vertical, Top to Bottom

Design #1

Design #2

Design #3

Design #4

Design #5

Design #6

Design #7 & Design #8